救外より入院依頼を受けてから指示出し,ノート記載を終了するまでの経時的行動
ここでの主なコンセプトは入院対応におけるタイムマネージメントである
救急から入院依頼が引っ切り無しに来る場合、とても各所を行ったり来たりしている余裕はない
どこで時間をロスするかを考え、それを減らすための対策を行う
例えば
・入院場所が違う
本当はICUが必要だった、そもそも病院のキャパシティーで対応できない場合、転棟・転送になるともう限りなく時間が消費されてしまう
・入院した後に追加の画像検査などが必要であったと気づく
救外で行えればスムーズであるが、一旦入院してしまうと対応が後手後手になってしまう
・問診の抜け
患者とカルテとの間を行ったり来たりする時間は大きなロスとなる
・患者が来院当日の薬を内服したかの確認
ワーファリンやlong-acting insulinなど入院後いつから開始するかが異なってくるため必要な情報だが、個人的にはこの確認のし忘れを頻回にしでかし、患者のもとに戻らなければならない事が多々ある
他にも大小無数にあるが、それらを如何に少なくできるか奮闘している試行過程を記す
<事前の準備>
自分仕様の情報収集フォーマットを作成し、プリントアウトしてストックしておく
枠左上より
ED:救急医の患者プレゼンの要所を記入
ED med: 救急外来で投与された薬剤
HPI:現病歴、 (+):陽性症状、 (-):陰性症状
Smoke:喫煙歴、 Alcohol:飲酒歴、 Drug:ドラッグ歴
FH:家族歴・社会歴、 All:アレルギー、 Code:急変時対応
枠右上より
PMH:既往歴、 Home med:外来薬剤、 Surgery:手術歴
VS:救急外来バイタルサイン、 Labs:血液検査所見
CXR:胸部レントゲン写真所見、 EKG:心電図所見
Work-up:他の検査(CT, 関節液穿刺、髄液検査、・・)
PE:身体所見
Med rec:過去の診療録(入院歴、抗生剤選択、培養歴、心エコー、ストレステスト、呼吸機能検査、CT、・・・)
右端
Problem:プロブレムリスト
Plan:診療方針
Trop / Lactic A / 他:経時的にフォローすべきものを記載
Order:routine order チェック用(code, 安静度, DVT予防, 心電図モニター, 食事, 血液検査, コンサルテーション)
Order / Med rec / note:routine work チェック用(order, 外来内服薬確認, カルテ記載)
<ERから連絡を受ける>
①ERからのポケベルが入った時点でコンピューターのERチャートを開き、名前を聞いたらすぐに患者カルテを開けるようにしておく
②ERに電話
③名前、性別、年齢を確認、記載しながらカルテを開く
④救急医の申し送りを聞きながら、出来る限りフォーマットを埋めていく
(主症状、陽性・陰性症状、主要検査結果、画像検査結果、心電図、救外投与薬、プロブレムリスト、・・・)
⑤救急医の申し送りを聞きながら同時に行うこと
・救急医の診断を疑うこと(ダブルチェック機能として)
・重症度を想像する(バイタルを確認、外観なども含め印象を確認する)
・緊急性の高い鑑別疾患をあげる(肺血栓塞栓症、大動脈解離、細菌性髄膜炎、septic joint、septic shock、・・・)
⑥電話を切る前に救急医に確認すること
・診断および入院が必要な理由を確認する(特に入院の理由が明らかでない場合)
・入院先を確認(ICUが必要か、NPPVが必要か, 心電図モニターが必要か、病棟で持続静注、頻回のモニターが可能か・・・)
病院のキャパシティーで対応できるか不明の時は受け入れを保留して確認する
・鑑別疾患に基づき救急外来にて追加検査が必要だと感じた時は救急医の考えを確認する
(細菌培養採取の確認、直腸診、肺動脈CTA(頻脈、低酸素)、頭部CT(アルコール+高度の意識障害)、髄液検査(意識障害+発熱)、腹部CT(尿路感染、血圧低下)、・・・)
<患者を診に行く前に診療録より情報収集しプロブレムリストを追加>
①救急外来での情報を追加収集(バイタルサイン、血液検査(採取時間も:troponin, 乳酸値などをフォローする必要がある場合)、画像検査、投与薬剤、・・・)
②過去の記録より最も近い入院歴および今回と同様の入院歴を確認、退院サマリーに目を通し、ポイントを確認し、過去の診療録欄に記載
(過去の主要内服薬, ポイント:ACS rule out→ストレステスト結果、感染症→培養結果/投与抗生剤、消化管出血→内視鏡結果、・・・)
③救急外来でのバイタルサインの異常、検査値異常は基本的にすべてフォーマット右端のプロブレムリストに追加、検査値異常が新たなものか、慢性的なものか過去の情報より確認(腎機能, 貧血, 血小板数, Na, 肝酵素,・・・)、新たなものである場合でそのアセスメントのために追加検査が必要な時はPlanに追加
④過去の心エコーを確認(多量の輸液投与が予想されるとき)、右下の過去の診療録欄に心機能を記載(拡張能障害にも注意)
⑤その他の関連情報を随時収集
<救急外来へ移動中>
・鑑別診断およびプロブレムリストに基づく問診・診察のポイントを考え、フォーマットにメモする
<救急外来で患者ベッドおよび心電図を確認>
・救急医から追加情報があるか確認
・心電図をダブルチェック
・必要あれば過去の心電図取り寄せを依頼
・必要時QTcを計算(入院後に抗精神薬投与の可能性がある場合など)
<患者問診・診察>
①名前を確認、挨拶をし問診を開始
②聞き忘れのないようフォーマットに沿って問診していく
(必要なら現病歴の問う内容で忘れる傾向にあるものをフォーマットに入れておく
発症日時、発症様式、発症時の状況、時間的経過、不変・悪化、症状の性質、改善・増悪因子、強さ、放散性、随伴症状、医療機関受診の有無、検査歴、治療の有無および効果、発症時でなく今来院した理由、過去同様の症状の有無、最後に通常の状態であった事を確認された日時、旅行歴、sick contact、ROS、・・・)
③喫煙歴:
COPDと診断された事があるか・呼吸機能検査の有無を確認、在宅酸素治療の有無を確認、入院後ニコチンパッチを使用するか確認(Planに追加)
④飲酒歴:
Heavy drinkerの場合は最後の摂取日時、過去の離脱症状・痙攣の有無を確認(PlanにCIWA protocolを追加)
⑤ドラッグ歴:
投与経路、過去の離脱症状の有無、Drug rehabに興味があるか、入院中に情報提供を受けたいか確認(Planにopioid withdrawal protocol、social worker / drug abuse consultを追加)
⑥家族歴・社会歴:
・家族歴
虚血性心疾患・悪性疾患・静脈血栓症等は発症年齢を確認、突然死の有無も必要時確認
・社会歴
住居の種類、一緒に暮らしている人、訪問看護の有無、移動時のデバイスの有無(杖, 歩行器, 車いす)、経口摂取の有無および栄養形態、排泄
⑦アレルギー:その時の反応を確認(特に抗生剤の場合)
⑧既往歴:
診断日時も確認(心筋梗塞、脳梗塞、静脈血栓症、・・・)、専門医フォローの有無を確認、消化管出血歴、転倒歴、・・・
⑨外来内服薬:
来院当日の服薬の有無を確認(抗凝固剤、抗血小板剤、long-acting insulin、ステロイド・・・)、既往歴にもかかわらず推奨薬剤を服薬していない理由を確認(ACEI/ARB, β遮断剤, 抗血小板剤, 抗凝固剤、・・・)
⑩手術歴:
一般手術歴、冠動脈ステント留置歴 (種類, 日時)、弁置換術 (種類)、最近のストレステスト歴、上部・下部内視鏡歴、悪性疾患治療歴、・・・
⑪身体診察
外観(toxicかそうでないか)、意識レベル(家族・施設の人にベースラインとの違いを確認)、ドライかウェットか評価、カテーテルの確認:ポート, 気切, PEG, 膀胱カテーテル、尿道留置カテーテルは救外で留置されたかの確認(尿路感染症の場合で以前から留置されている場合は最後の交換日時を確認)、褥瘡の有無(治療介入を確認)、・・・
⑫現時点でのアセスメントおよびプランを患者・家族に説明、質問に回答
⑬急変時対応の確認、contactする人および連絡先を確認
<オーダー>
①問診・診察に基づいて新たなプロブレムおよびPlanをフォーマットに追加
(理学療法士コンサルト(退院時にリハビリ転院が予想される場合)、嚥下機能評価、褥瘡ケアコンサルト、栄養士コンサルト、one to one observation、精神科コンサルト、・・・)
②Routine Orderを入れる(フォーマットをチェックしながら)
(code、安静度、DVT予防、心電図モニター、食事、翌日血液検査、コンサルテーション)
③Planに基づきOrderを追加していく
(輸液、抗生剤、培養、乳酸値フォロー、ステロイド、気管支拡張剤ネブライザー、cycle troponin、翌朝心電図、ストレステスト、静注利尿剤、strict In/Out、体重測定毎日、Hb/Hctフォロー、Mg/Phosフォロー、PPI、発熱時指示、疼痛時指示、嘔気時指示、・・・)
<外来内服薬確認>
①外来内服薬を確認(薬局に電話で確認)
②入院後各薬剤の継続・中断を決定
(意識レベル、絶食、腎機能、血圧、脈拍、ストレステスト予定、消化管出血、risk/benefit balance等に基づいて)
<入院時ノート記載>
①アセスメント/プランを最初に書く
(呼び出されて途中で中断したとしても少しでも他のスタッフに考えを伝えるため)
・One linerを書く
(A 71 year-old nursing home resident male with PMH of MI, COPD on 2L, and T2DM who presented with altered mental status was admitted to general ward for UTI)
・基本的にはすべてのプロブレムを挙げる勢いで書く
入院後に患者を全く見ていない別の人が診療を引き継ぐ事を可能にするため
(電解質異常、アシドーシス、血球数異常、褥瘡、糖尿、高血圧、心不全、CKD、慢性心房細動、認知症、慢性疼痛、・・・)
・すべてのプロブレムに自分なりのアセスメントを記載する
・アセスメントが不明な場合は主な鑑別を挙げ、その中で自分が最も疑っているものを明示する
・アセスメントを補足する情報を記載する
(陽性所見、陰性所見、検査結果、ベースラインの値(LVEF, クレアチニン, Hb, ・・・)、外来治療、・・・)
・プロブレムそれぞれに対するプランを書く
(検査、治療法、コンサルテーション、外来内服継続・中断、経過観察、・・・)
・中断した外来内服薬の理由を記載する
②他の必要情報を記載
・現病歴は開いた瞬間に読者の勇気をくじく程長くはしないよう心掛ける
・救急外来経過を記載する(最初のバイタル、意識レベル、主な検査結果、治療薬、専門医コンサルト、経過、診断、入院病棟)
・患者のベースラインの状態を記載(意識レベル、意思疎通、歩行、住居状況、訪問看護、経口摂取、排泄等)
<最終チェック>
・ノート記載が終了したら、もう一度オーダーの漏れ、検査日時の間違い等ないか再度確認する
<心を整える>
どんなに鬼のように忙しくても「イーーーーッ」ってならないように空いた時間は瞑想して次の入院に備える
ジェネラルを志す以上は
己の弱点とも向き合わなければならない、のかもしれない
General internal medicine (memo from NEJM knowledge plus and MKSAP)
<general medicine>
・management of patient with general weakness, slow gait, recent fall
prescribe vitamin D without obtaining level
・dumping syndrome
avoid refined carbohydrate
・zoster vaccine
live vaccine
・linezolid toxicity
type B lactic acidosis
・bisphosphonate to patient with CKD
contraindication to patient with GFR<30
・diagnosis of patient with one week history of sore throat, fever, neck pain, sign of pharyngitis, no cervical lymphadenopathy, CXR show multiple densities
septic thrombosis of the jugular vein (Lemierre syndrome)
・medical Tx for urinary incontinence
anti-cholinergic (tolterodine)
・isolated elevation of ALP with normal γGTP in asymptomatic elderly person
bone scintigraphy for suspected Paget disease
・management of patient with opioid-induced delirium
switch to different opioid
・interval of blood pressure screening for healthy person
every 2 years for person older than 18 yo, with blood pressure < 120/80
・preoperative test for young healthy female
only pregnancy test
・sleep-maintenance insomnia
temazepam
・management of patient with cancer-related pain which is persistent throughout the day
sustained-release morphine
・thrombophilia work-up for patient with recent DVT on enoxaparin and warfarin
factor V Leiden and prothrombin gene-mutation
(acute thrombosis reduce protein S, protein C, antitrhombin III, heparin reduce antithrombin III, warfarin reduce protein S, protein C)
・management of patient with functional incontinence due to limited mobility or significant cognitive impairment
prompt voiding (periodically ask and remind patient to go to toilet)
・phenoxybenzamine
alfa blocker
・management of patient with GERD-related cough whose cough and heart burn don't change 2 weeks after patient started omeprazole
continue omeprazole for 8 to 12 weeks
・antiemetic Tx for patient receiving chemotherapy
ondansetron, dexamathasone, fosaprepitant (neurokinin-1 inhibitor)
・medication causing low testosterone level (erectile dysfunction, decreased energy)
opioid, high-dose corticosteroid, hormonal therapy
・management of 28 yo female with breast mass, 1.5cm, mobile, tender, without nipple discharge or overlying skin change
ultrasonography (aspirate if cyst, biopsy if solid)
・most successful long-term and safe weight loss strategy
consistent reduction of caloric intake by 500-1000kcal/day
・cirrhotic patient with Child-Pugh C who undergo preoperative evaluation for elective total hip replacement
avoid elective surgery (mortality 80% with Child-Pugh C)
・next diagnostic step for patient with 6 months chronic non-productive cough, without apparent sign or cause, negative CXR, PFT, methachollin challenge test
sputum testing for eosinophil (for nonasthmatic eosinophilic bronchitis)
・first-line treatment of stress urinary incontinence
pelvic floor muscle training
・management of temporomandibular joint disorder
jaw relaxation, heat and therapeutic exercise
・DDx of patient with chronic pelvic pain with unexplained urinary symptoms
interstitial cystitis (no pyuria)
・management of patient with neuropathic pain secondary to DM who doesn't respond to NSAIDs, gabapentin, oxycodone-acetaminophen
sustained-release morphine
・management of perioperative warfarin for patient with atrial fibrillation with CHADS2 score of 5 and TIA 2 months ago
discontinue warfarin 5 days prior to surgery with enoxaparin bridge until the morning of surgery
・first-line medication for elderly patient with chronic non-cancer pain
acetaminophen (325mg)
・indication of rapid antigen detecting test for patient suspected with streptococcal pharyngitis
all patients (Centor criteria 1-4)
・management of patient with prolonged interval since the previous dose of multiple-dose vaccine
series should be resumed rather than restarted from the beginning
・DDx from pityriasis rosea (pink, scaly, christmas-tree pattern)
syphilis
<orthopedic surgery>
・initial management of carpal tunnerl syndrome
wrist splinting
・difficulty with arm abduction and positive drop-arm test
rorator cuff tear
・most common cause of knee pain in younger than 45 yo, worse with prolonged sitting and with walking up and down stairs
patellofemoral pain syndrome
・maneuver eliciting lateral epicondylitis
resisted wrist extension with elbow fully extended
・indication of x-ray for ankle injury
unable to bear weight or bony tenderness to palpation
・pain along anteromedial aspect of proximal tibia distal to the joint line of knee, in the setting of overuse
pes anserine bursitis
・burning pain on the plantar surface in the space between third and fourth toes, in the setting of wearing high heels
morton neuroma
・management of acute back pain with positive straight leg raise test, diminished ankle refelx without motor or sensory deficit
analgesics and mobilization as tolerated (no imaging study)
・Dx of patient with burning sensation on the lateral aspect of thigh with sensory deficit
melargia paresthetica (entrapment of lateral femoral cutaneous nerve beneath inguinal ligament)
・management of patient with plantar fasciitis refractory to initial Tx with NSAIDs
arch support
・management of osteoarthritis of trapeziometacarpal joint (pain at base of thumb)
wrist splint with thumb post
・hip pain in young athlete with femoroacetabular dysplasia
labrum tear
・management of symptomatic popliteal cyst
glucocorticoid injection
・diagnosis of knee osteoarthritis
weight-bearing x-ray
<dermatology>
・Tx for psoriasis and psoriatic arthritis
TNF-alfa blocking agents
・V-shaped rash on upper chest
dermatomyositis
・molluscum contagiosum in adults
possible sign of HIV progression
・ecthyma gangrenosum (purpuric patch with ulceration)
pseudomonas aeruginosa bacteremia
・actinic keratoses
5-fluorouracil cream
・most common identifiable cause of erythema nodosum
streptococcal infection
・dyshidrotic eczema (pruritic vesicular eruption, due to repeated water exposure or sweating)
potent topical glucocorticoid (triamcinolone ointment)
・symmetric target-shaped lesions on palms
erythema multiforme, associated with herpes simplex infection
・bedbug bite
steroid cream (triamcinolone acetonide cream)
・venous stasis ulcer
unna boot compression
・allergic contact dermatitis on face
hydrocortisone valerate (lower potency)
・treatment for impetigo
topical mupirocin
・ulcerative skin disease associatd with inflammatory bowel disease
pyoderma gangrenosum
・management of atypical urticaria, lasting for more than 24 hours, not pruritic
skin biopsy (to evaluate urticarial vasculitis)
・acne medication which is contraindicated during pregnancy
tazarotene
・pigmentation extending onto the proximal nail fold
subungual melanoma
・management of suspected toxic epidermal necrolysis
skin biopsy to confirm diagnosis and supportive care (systemic corticosteroid is controversial)
・DDx of red plaque on lip that is covered with scale, crust
squamous cell carcinoma
・crateriform pitted lesion on the sole of feet
pitted keratolysis
・flesh-colored smooth bump on face that occur by shaving
verruca plane (HPV)
・management of miliaria
cooling
(small papulovesicle associated with itching, caused by blockage and rupture of eccrine sweat duct, occur when skin is hot and occluded)
・slow-growing type of melanoma commonly seen on face of older fair-skinned patient
lentigo maligna
・pruritic blister on chest, abdomen, lower extremities, draining clear yellow fluid and crusting over before healing
bullous pemphigoid
・pruritic eruption that topical corticosteroid temporarily reduce inflammation, but recur after discontinuation
tinea corporis
・red papules on the chest, topped by vesicle or scale, waxing and waning, exacerbated by heat and sweating
Grover disease (achantholytic dermatosis)
・ulcer on the feet under metatarsal heads in DM patient
neuropathic ulcer
・management of intensly itchy small papulovesicle on scalp, elbow, knee, skin biopsy shows deposition of granular IgA
gluten-free diet for dermatitis herpetiformis associated with celiac disease
・Tx for seborrheic dermatitis (itchy, scaly rash in eyebrow, nose, ear)
ketoconazole cream
・acne that is widespread or that is inflammatory and refractory to topical medication
doxycycline
<ophthalmology>
・corneal abrasion from fingernail
fluoroquinolone eyedrop (covering pseudomonas)
・Sx of uveitis
photophobia, eye pain, decreased vision
・bacterial VS viral conjunctivitis
viral conjunctivitis lacks morning gluing
・bothered by glare from oncoming headlights when driving
cataracts
・pseudodendrite
herpse zoster
・uveitis and lacrimal gland enlargement
sarcoidosis
・management of viral conjunctivitis
cool compression
・central retinal artery occlusion vs central retinal vein occlusion
CRAO: cherry red spot
CRVO: flame-shaped retinal hemorrhage, cotton-whool spots
・foreign body sensation and vascular growth over conjunctiva
pterygium
<OBGYN>
・reversible, highly effective contraception
levonorgestrel intrauterine device, etonogestrel implant
・medroxyprogesterone acetate IM injection every 3 months
not for long-term use, risk for osteoporosis
・prophylaxis Tx after sexual assault
azithromycin, ceftriaxone, HIV prophylaxis, HBV vaccine, metronidazole, levonorgestrel
・inhaled glucocorticoid Tx for pregnant female with mild persistent asthma
budesonide
・uncomplicated mastitis
continue breast feeding and dicloxacillin (staphylococcal coverage)
・Tx for postpartum endometritis
clindamycin and gentamicin
・management of Graves disease during pregnancy
propylthiouracil in 1st tremester and methimazole in 2nd and 3rd tremester
・opioid addiction during pregnancy
methadone / buprenorphine
・persistent lack of desire for sexual activity
hypoactive sexual desire disorder
・management of female who is planning to attempt conception, found to have HbA1c 7.5
metformin (class B, switch to insulin during pregnancy)
・next step for patient with heavy menstrual bleeding secondary to fibroid which is scheduled for surgery in 2 weeks
oral medroxyprogesterone acetate
・management of hot flush in patient with h/o cardiovascular disease or VTE
venlafaxine (serotonin norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor)
・first-line treatment of dysmenorrhea
NSAIDs
・recommended contraception for 38 yo female without PMH, smoking a pack daily
progesterone contraceptive
(women older than 35 yo smoking more than 15 cigarettes daily shoud not be prescribed estrogen-containing preparations)
<otolaryngology>
・central cause of vertigo
direction-changing nystagmus, severe trunchal instability, negative head-thrust test
・Dix-Hallpike maneuver to BPPV
vertical-torsional nystagmus toward affected side
・Tx for acute otitis extema
almost always due to bacterial infection -> topical ABX covering pseudomonas and staphylococcus
・Tx for vestibular neuritis
meclizine and hydration
・Tx for nasal polyposis
intranasal glucocorticoid
・idiopathic sudden sensorineural hearing loss
high-dose prednisone
・cerumen impaction
cerumenolytics (hydrogen peroxide, carbamino peroxide, mineral oil)
・whistling or swishing sound in ear, faster and louder when exercise
pulsatile tinnitus -> evaluate for bruit for possible vascular anomaly
・Tx for rhinosinusitis
anti-histamine (chlorpheniramine)
・Dx of patient with h/o allergic rhinitis who has intractable nasal congestion and rhinorrhea on oxymetazoline
rhinitis medicamentosa
(continued use of vasoconstictor (oxymetazoline) cause withdrawal congestion)
・erythematous patches with white hyperkeratotic rim on the tongue
georgraphic tongue (benign migratory glossitis)
・unilateral ulcerative tonsillar lesion with cervical lymphadenopathy
squamous cell carcinoma until proven otherwise
<psychiatry>
・medication for prevention of alcohol dependence relapse in patient with cirrhosis
acamprosate
・initial treatment for alcohol-use disorder
naltrexone
・dementia with visual hallucination
dementia with Lewy bodies
・bulimia nervosa
Na in urine elevated when diuretic abuse, and decreased when self-induced vomiting
・first choice for panic disorder
SSRI
・major depressive disorder with sexual dysfunction
bupropion
・monotherapy for bipolar depression
quetiapine
・psychosis, purpuric skin lesion, neutropenia
intravenous cocaine use
・indication for depression screening
all adults
Cardiology (memo from NEJM knowledge plus and MKSAP)
・dual antiplatelet Tx for STEMI
avoid prasugrel for patient with h/o stroke, >75 yo, body weight < 60kg
・Tx for HTN in HFpEF patient
ARB (candesartan) reduce hospitalization in patient with HFpEF
・first-line monotherapy for hypertensive african-american patient
thiazide or CCB
・indication of echocardiography for patient with heart murmur
3/6 or louder SM or any diastolic or continuous murmur
・management of NSTEMI with high TIMI score (5-7)
anticoagulation (TIMI 3-7) and glycoprotein IIb/IIIa (eptifibatide) in addition to ASA, clopidogrel, BB, nitrate, statin
・complete heart block secondary to Lyme disease
reversible
・management of recurrent pericarditis
colchicine and aspirin
・management of perioperative (total hip replacement) anticoagulation for patient with mechanical aortic valve on warfarin
discontinue warfarin 3 days prior to surgery and restart on evening of surgery (no heparin bridge if no risk factor: afib, LVEF<30, hypercoagulable state, h/o thromboembolic event)
・intermittent claudication and borderline ABI
-> ABI after exercise increase sensitivity
・management of patient with suspected peripheral artery disease whose ABI is above 1.4
great toe pressure measurement
・diagnosis of type A aortic dissection
transesophageal echocardiography
・cocaine-induced chest pain
NTG + benzodiazepine
・widespread deeply inverted T waves
sign of severe brain injury
・new onset of widened QRS and QT interval secondary to TCA overdose
sodium bicarbonate
・patient with ACS managed with non-invasive fashion
LMWH has better outcome than unfractionated heparin
・indication for surgical intervention to aortic aneurysm
diameter > 5.5 cm or expand 0.5 cm/year
・indication for aortic valve replacement for AS
symptomatic or LVEF <50%
・initial management of congenital long-QT syndrome
beta blocker
・patient with severely depressed systolic function and fluid overload who responds poorly to IV diuretics or has worsening renal function
-> inotropic agent (milrinone)
・narrow-complex tachycardia in patient with h/o heart transplant
low dose of adenosine (3mg)
・atrial tachycardia with atrioventricular 2:1 block
digoxin toxicity
・ST-segment elevation more prominent in aVR than V1
obstruction of left main coronary artery
・patient with mechanical valves on warfarin
addition of low-dose ASA reduce the risk of thromboembolism
・ABX for endocarditis prophylaxis prior to dental procedure
amoxicillin 2 gram po once 1 hour prior to procedure
・6 months of intermittent fever, orthopnea, progressive SOB, chest pain
cardiac myxoma
・management of asymptomatic myxoma
surgical removal (risk for systemic embolic event)
・late cardiac complication of Hodgkin disease treatment
coronary artery disease, (valve disorder, restrictive cardiomyopathy, diastolic dysfunction)
・fixed splitting of the S2
ASD
・management of patient with pacemaker whose corner is eroding through skin without sign of systemic infection
extraction of pacemaker and leads
・management of severe pulmonary valve stenosis with peak gradient of 70
percutaneous pulmonary balloon valvuloplasty
・diagnosis of patient who has newly developed holosystolic murmur at left sternal border associated with palpable thrill 3 days after myocardial infarction
postinfarction VSD
・cardiovascular risk scoring system preferable for young female
Raynolds risk score (Framingham risk score underestimate risk of young female)
・cannon a wave
atrial contraction against closed tricuspid valve -> AV dissociation
・management of patient with ACS who is contraindicated to beta blocker
diltiazem
・clopidogrel Tx for patient with unstable angina or NSTEMI who is treated medically without stent placement
clopidogrel for at least 1 month, ideally up to 1 year
・management of patient with chronic stable angina who remains symptomatic despite optimal dose of beta blocker, cacium channel blocker and long-actign nitrate
ranolazine
・management of patient with ICD placement and pacemaker dependence who is about to undergo surgery
turn off shock therapy and change to asynchronous mode (ventricular pacing continue regardless of any native electrical activity)
・time window of thrombolytic Tx for STEMI
within 12 hours
・follow up aortic coarctation repair
MRI or CT for aort (to evaluate recurrent coarctation and aneurysm)
・biventricular pacing
QRS > 120
・complication of previous radiation to thorax
aortic regurgitation, ・・・
・ejection click that diminish in intensity during inspiration
pulmonary valve stenosis
・evaluation of newly diagnosed left ventricular systolic dysfunction
coronary angiography
・management of limb ischemia with dense anesthesia, severe motor impairment, lack of doppler vascular signal
prompt amputation (consistent with nonviable limb)
・DDx of patient with newly developed heart failure 5 years after heart transplant
cardiac allograft vasoculopathy
・ST change in myocarditis and pericarditis
myocarditis: nonspecific ST-T change (ST elevation, TWI)
pericarditis: concave ST elevation
・management of patient with cyanotic congenital heart disease who present with dyspnea on exertion, Hb 15, Hct 52, ferritin 10, transferrin saturation 13%
iron therapy
(normal Hb and Hct are 18-20 and 60-65% for cyanotic heart disease patient)
・management of severe MR
mitral valve repair or replacement?
・management of patient with STEMI brought to the facility without cardiac cath lab and the other facility with cardiac cath is in 1.5 hour drive
thromolytic Tx if not contraindicated (door-to-balloon time should be 90 minutes or less)
Pulmonary and Critical care medicine (memo from NEJM knowledge plus and MKSAP)
・Tx for idiopathic pulmonary arterial hypertension
require long-term anticoagulation
・management of acute pulmonary embolism in patient with h/o HIT
argatroban (parenteral direct thrombin inhibitor) or others
・duration of ABX for ventilator-associated pneumonia caused by Pseudomonas aeruginosa
15 days
・management of patient with provoked DVT on warfarin for 6 months, who was found to have residual nonocclusive thrombus by US
discontinue warfarin
(follow-up US not necessary, residual thrombi are present in 60% at 6 months, 30% at 2 years, using D-dimer to gauge the duration of anticoagulation is not appropriate for provoked DVT)
・management of patient with repeated exacerbation of asthma who present with respiratory distress, inspiratory and expiratory wheezing heard predominantly in central lung fields, no improvement with repeated bronchodilator nebs and systemic corticosteroid IV
laryngoscopy (for possible misdiagnosis, evaluate vocal cord dysfunction)
・first-line treatment of central sleep apnea secondary to heart failure
medical opitimaztion of cardica function (diuresis, )
・managment of patient with h/o unprovoked pulmonary embolism and elevation of follow-up D-dimer after 3 months duration of anticoagulation
restart anticoagulation for indefinite period
・next step for patient with significant smoking history who presents with cough, weight loss, CXR and CT show right upper lobe mass and moderate amount of right pleural effusion, diagnostic thoracentesis negative for cytology
repeat thoracentesis and pleural effusion cytology
(sensitivity of pleural effusion cytology: 60% for initial sampling, additional 27% on second sampling, and 5% on third sampling)
・one of the risk factors of pulmonary artery hypertension
symptomatic hemoglobinopathy (thalassemia, sickle cell disease)
・benign pattern of calcification in lung nodule
central (granuloma), popcorn, lamellar (concentric ring), diffuse
・plateau pressure in ARDS management
less than 30, TV initially set at 6ml/kg of ideal body weight, sebsequently reduced by 1ml/kg if necessary to maintain plateau pressure < 30
・diagnostic test for chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension
ventilation / perfusion scan
・first line treatment of hemodynamically unstable massive pulmonary embolism
intravenous tPA (catheter-based thrombus removal not first-line, catheter-directed thrombolysis: no data of improved outcome so far)
・military veteran deployed to Iraq during Operation Iraq Freedam p/w dyspnea, centrilobular nodules and airway thickening in CT
constrictive bronchiolitis
・common cause of COPD in nonsmoker from developing countries
biomass fuel exposure (wood, crop, residues, and animal dung)
・most well-described cause of occupational asthma
diisocyanate
・most common extrapulmonary site of disseminated nocardiosis
central nervous system (-> focal sign)
・two most common cause of secondary pneumothorax
pneumocystis jirovecii infection and COPD
・second major cause of lung cancer
residential radon
・ABX for UTI causing interstitial lung disease
nitrofurantoin
・Tx of amiodarone-induced lung toxicity
discontinuation and prednisone
・diagnosis of tuberculosis pleural effusion
pleural biopsy
・test of pleural effusion when tuberculosis is suspected
adenosine deaminase (>70: highly specific, < 40: almost exclude)
(acid-fast stain positive only 5% in non-HIV, TB culture positive in 24%)
・prevention of high altitude pulmonary edema
nifedipine
・patient from New Mexico p/w flu-like symptom, pulmonary edema, peripheral immunoblast, cardiac collapse
aerosolized rodent excreta (hantavirus)
・primary ciliary dyskinesia:
involvement of upper and lower respiratory tract, infertility
・treatment of patient who found unconscious, Cre 1.9, severe AG acidosis, osmolal gap 109, negative ETOH and toxic screen, envelope-shaped crystal in urine
IV fomepizole and hemodialysis for ethylene glycol toxication
・initial step of evaluation for patient with excessive daytime sleepiness and no obvious sign of sleep disorder
sleep diary
・pulmonary nodule less than 4mm
no further evaluation if no risk, follow up CT in 12 months if risk factor
・upper lobe predominance diffuse infiltrate witn normal or minimally abnormal pulmonary function test
sarcoidosis
・management of 9mm ground-glass nodule in lung, followed by CT, no change in the past 2 years
follow up in 1 year (ground-glass nodule requires more than 2 years follow up, for possible slow-growing adenocarcinoma in situ)
・management of patient with OSA who doesn't tolerate CPAP due to nasal congestion
add heated humidification to CPAP circuit
・explanation to patient who is concerned about radiation of CT scan of chest
5-7 mSv
comparable to the amount of radiation a person receives from ambient solar radiation over 1 year
・diagnosis of childbearing-age female without smoking history who has dyspnea on exertion, dry cough, hyperinflation in CXR, diffuse, thin-walled, small cyst in CT
lymphangioleiomyomatosis
・Dx of coal miner with productive cough, dyspnea on exertion
obstructive lung disease
・assessment of risk of respiratory failure for patient with exacerbation of myasthenia gravis
serial vital capacity and maximum negative inspiratory force
・next step for patient who present with cough, hemoptysis, weight loss, sputum cytology positive for squamous cell carcinoma, CXR and CT show mass in right lower lobe, PET-CT show mass in R lung and increased activity in mediastinal lymph nodes
mediastinal lymph node sampling
・management of agitation for patient with neuroleptic malignant syndrome
benzodiazepine (lorazepam)
・management of patient who present with fever, polyarthralgia, erythema nodosum, CXR show bilateral hilar lymphadenopathy
observation : more than 80% of patient with sarcoidosis who present with Lofgren syndrome have spontaneous resolution
Nephrology (memo from NEJM knowledge plus and MKSAP)
・statin for CKD
no benefit for dialysis patient, but reduce all-cause of mortality in patient with CKD not on dialysis
・management of patient with acute myeloid leukemia on chemotherapy, on normal saline IV at 200ml/hr and rasburicase for tumor lysis syndrome prophylaxis, urine output of 50cc/hr, Cre 1.0, K 5.2, phos 5.7, uric acid 7.1
increase IV hydration to help promote excretion of K, phos, uric acid (250cc/hr)
・estimate of GFR
modification of diet in renal disease (MDRD) equation underestimate GFR
chronic kidney disease epidemiology collaboration (CKD-EPI) equation more accurate
・diagnostic test for former battery factory worker with CKD, glycosuria, proteinuria
chelation mobilization testing
(for lead nephrotoxicity, lead blood level would be normal due to former exposure)
・management of blood access for patient with stage 4 CKD who develop osteomyelitis requiring 4 weeks IV ABX
through peripheral line, not PICC line for potential hemodialysis in future
・management of recurrent nephrolithiasis with calcium-containing kidney stone and hypercalciuria
thiazide diuretic
・management of IV fluid for patient on HCTZ who present with altered mental status secondary to hyponatremia of 110, that came up to 121, 10 hours after initiation of 3% saline
discontinue 3% saline and start 5% dextrose to adjust Na around 114 to 116 in the first 24 hours
・evaluation of hypokalemic metabolic alkalosis
urine chloride (↑: diuretic, Gitelman, Batter, ↓: vomiting, volume depletion)
・acanthocyte in urine
glomerular hematuria, suggesting glomerulonephritis
・DDx of effacement of podocyte foot process in electron microscopy
minimal change glomerulopathy: normal light and immunofluorescence microscopy
menbranous glomerulopathy: glomerular membrane thickening, IgG, C3 deposit
・management of patient with bipolar disorder who develops lithium-associated nephrotoxicity, but still requires to continue lithium
amiloride
・diagnosis of patient with h/o psoriasis using certain cream who develop confusion, slight AG metabolic acidosis, respiratory alkalosis
salicylate toxicity
・Tx of salicylate toxicity
sodium bicarbonate infusion
(HD indicated for level>80, AMS, pulmonary edema, advanced kidney disease)
・Tx of low risk of membranous glomerulopathy with nephrotic syndrome
ACEI (no glucocorticoid)
untreated 2/3 of MG undergo spontaneous complete or partial remission
high risk of progression to CKD: male, > 50 yo, HTN, elevated Cre, secondary glomerulosclerosis, tubulointerstitial change on biopsy
・Dx of patient from Romania who has CKD, no proteinuria, no obvious cause of CKD
Balkan nephropathy
・initial managment of polyoma BK virus associated nephropathy in kidney transplant recipient
decrease immunosuppression
・DDx of patient with AKI following partial colectomy for perforated diverticulitis, requiring 15L of IV hydration to maintain BP
abdominal compartment syndrome
・management of pregnant patient with h/o borderline HTN and family history of preeclampsia
low-dose aspirin (reduce risk of preeclampsia for patient with risk factor)
・management of severe ANCA positive vasculitis presenting as rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis
plasmapheresis, cyclophosphamide, glucocorticoid
・management of patient with CKD who develop dyspnea on exertion, no chest pain, no JVD, trace leg edema
refer to ED, for possible ACS, ACS in CKD patient may have atypical Sx
・management of CKD wiht low calcium, high normal phosphorus, elevated parathyroid hormone, low 25-hydroxyvitamin D
try inactive form of vitamin D (cholecalciferol (vit D3), ergocalciferol (vit D2)) before beginning active form of vitmain D (calcitriol, alfacalcidol, doxercalciferol) that are expensive
・Dx of 17 weeks pregnant female with BP 140/90, Cre 1.7, 1+ protein in urinalysis
CKD and HTN (not preeclampsia)
blood pressure typically decreases early in the first trimester, creatinine typically falls during pregnancy due to expansion of plasma volume
・negative eosinophil in urine in the setting of acute interstitial nephritis
not uncommon (eosinophil in urine: low sensitivity and specificity)
Gastroenterology (memo from NEJM knowledge plus and MKSAP)
・how long patient with upper GI bleed and high-risk lesion on upper endoscopy need to be observed in hospital after successful procedure
72 hours (high-risk peptic ulcer: active bleeding, visible vessel)
・management of opiod-induced constipation refractory to standard laxative
methylnaltrexone
・management of recurrent obscure GI bleeding with negative upper endoscopy and colonoscopy
repeat upper endoscopy +/- colonoscopy
(capsule endoscopy and single-balloon endoscopy are reserved for patient with negative for repeated endoscopy and colonoscopy)
・management of obscure GI bleeding requiring 1 unit transfusion every 3 days, negative upper endoscopy and colonoscopy 2 times, negative capsule endoscopy
nuclear scintigraphy
(nuclear scintigraphy requiring bleeding rate 0.1-0.5 ml/min to detect, angiography reguiring bleeding rate > 1 ml/min)
・screening for hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer
colonoscopy initiated by age of 20 to 25 or 10 years prior to the earlest age colorectal cancer diagnosis in the family
・colon cancer screening for ulcerative colitis
every 1-2 years, beginning 8-10 years after diagnosis
・colon cancer screening for patient with positive family hitory (father at 54 yo)
every 5 years, initiating at age of 40
(first degree with CRC < 60 yo: initiate at 40 yo or 10 years younger than age at diagnosis)
・postpolypectomy surveillance (1.5cm villous adenoma, low-grade dysplasia and 6mm tubular adenoma, low-grade dysplasia)
colonoscopy in 3 years
(high risk adenoma: > 3 adenomas, > 1cm, villous morphology, high-grade dysplasia)
・management of patient with bright red blood per rectum with syncopal episode, BP 88/58, HR 123, Hb 7.3, nasogastric tube aspirate negative
upper endoscopy first, then colonoscopy if negative
(bright red blood per rectum associated with ongoing brisk bleeding from upper source, nasogastric tube placement miss up to 15% of active bleeding)
・follow up resolution of uncomplicated acute diverticulitis
colonoscopy to rule out other disorders that mimic diverticulitis, such as cancer or Crohn disease
・Tx for moderately to severely active Crohn disease
anti-TNF agent (infliximab)
・follow up patient with h/o familial adenomatous polyposis syndrome after total colectomy
periodic upper endoscopy to screen ampullary adenocarcinoma
・prevention of esophageal variceal rebleeding
beta blocker and serial band ligation every 3-4 weeks (PPI no role in secondary prevention of esophageal variceal bleeding)
・management of type 1 gastric carcinoid tumor with size of 1cm after removal
follow up endoscopy in 6 months (rarely metastasis occur, 5 years-survival 95%)
・management of traveler's diarrhea without alarm symptoms (fever, hematochezia)
supportive care
・management of patient with severe diarrhea after massive small-bowel resection for acute mesenteric ischemia
PPI
(surge of gastric acid in the postoperative period -> inactivate pancreatic lipase -> diarrhea)
・two most common complication of Meckel's diverticulum
GI bleeding (acid secreted by heterotopic gastric mucosa) and small-bowel obstruction (intussusception)
・Tx for constipation-predominant irritabl bowel syndrome refractory to fiber and standard laxatives
lubiprostone
・imaging study for suspected insulinoma if contrast CT negative
endoscopic ultrasound
・diagnosis of patient with diarrhea, bloating, weight loss, vit B12 deficiency with elevated folate
small intestinal bacterial overgrowth
・management of immune-tolerant hepatitis B (positive HBsAg, HBeAg, high HBV-DNA, normal ALT)
monitor ALT every 3-6 months
(as long as pt maintain normal ALT, low risk for progression of liver disease, once ALT elevated -> biopsy -> initiate Tx )
・management of patient who present with hematemesis, hemodynamically unstable even after 2L of IV normal saline and 2 units of transfusion
continue IV hydration and transfusion (upper endoscopy after hemodynamic stability achieved)
・indication for liver biopsy in hereditary hemochromatosis
> 40 yo, ferritin > 1000
・diagnosis of patient with passive movement of undigested stomach contents into the mouth without retching, then spit or reswallow
Rumination syndrome
・management of cirrhotic patient with large esophageal varices (>5mm)
non-selective beta blocker or endoscopic ligation
・diagnostic study for acute acalculous cholecystitis
US has better sensitivity than CT
・management of eosinophilic esophagitis
PPI 6 weeks first to exclude GERD
(EE can occur secondary to GERD, no criteria to distinguish EE from GERD)
・first-line therapy of achalasia
laparoscopic myotomy
・unexplained iron deficiency anemia in patient with Down syndrome with negative result of upper endoscopy, colonoscopy and serum tissue transglutaminase IgA Ab
repeat upper endoscopy with small bowel biopsy
(celiac disease, sensitivity of serum tissue transglutaminase IgA Ab significantly varies among lab)
・if bowel preparation is poor for screening colonoscopy
repeat colonoscopy before planning long-term surveillance program